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5.
Air
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Executive summary
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Pressures: emissions
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5.2.1
Electricity and fuel production
5.2.2
Transportation
5.2.3
Industrial
5.2.4
Residential and commercial
5.2.5
Waste management
5.2.6
Agricultural and forestry
5.2.7
Natural emissions and land-use change
5.3
State: atmospheric composition and climate
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5.3.1
Air pollution: urban to global scales
5.3.2
Persistent bioaccumulative toxic substances
5.3.3
Stratospheric O
3
and ultra-violet radiation
5.3.4
Climate change
5.4
Impacts
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5.4.1
Human health
5.4.2
Food security
5.4.3
Ecosystems
5.4.4
Social well-being
5.5
Response: policies and governance
Facts & figures
6.
Biodiversity
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Executive summary
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Further assessments since the fifth Global Environmental Outlook (GEO-5)
6.3
Drivers
6.4
Pressures
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6.4.1
Land-use change and habitat loss
6.4.2
Invasive species
6.4.3
Pollution
6.4.4
Overexploitation
6.4.5
Climatic warming and extreme events
6.5
Global state and trends of biodiversity
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6.5.1
State and trends in genetic diversity
6.5.2
Global state and trends in species
6.5.3
Global state and trends in ecosystems
6.6
Impacts on the world’s biomes
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6.6.1
Oceans and coasts
6.6.2
Freshwater
6.6.3
Grasslands
6.6.4
Agricultural landscapes
6.6.5
Drylands
6.6.6
Forests
6.6.7
Mountains
6.6.8
Polar regions
6.7
Responses
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6.7.1
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
6.7.2
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES)
6.7.3
Protected areas
6.7.4
Other approaches
6.8
Conclusion
Facts & figures
9.
Freshwater
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Executive summary
9.1
Introduction and priority issues
9.2
Pressures on freshwater
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9.2.1
Climate change
9.3
Water and land use
9.4
Global state and trends of freshwater
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9.4.1
Water quantity
9.4.2
Water withdrawals
9.4.3
Glacial retreat
9.4.4
Water scarcity
9.5
Water quality
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9.5.1
Pathogens
9.5.2
Nutrients
9.5.3
Sediments
9.5.4
Organic pollutants
9.5.5
Heavy metals
9.5.6
Salinity
9.5.7
Contaminants of emerging concern
9.5.8
Other water quality concerns
9.6
Freshwater ecosystems
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9.6.1
Continuing loss of wetlands
9.6.2
Biodiversity loss
9.7
Water infrastructure
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9.7.1
Drinking water supply: treatment and distribution
9.7.2
Sanitation and wastewater treatment
9.7.3
Dams and reservoirs for water storage and hydroelectric power
9.8
Impacts
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9.8.1
Human health
9.8.2
Food security
9.8.3
Human safety and security
9.9
Policy responses
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9.9.1
Expanding access to safe drinking water and sanitation (SDG Targets 6.1 and 6.2)
9.9.2
Improving water quality (SDG Targets 6.3 and 15.1)
9.9.3
Water-use efficiency and responses to water scarcity (SDG target 6.4)
9.9.4
Water governance (SDG Target 6.5)
9.9.5
Surface water-groundwater conjunctive management
9.9.6
Protecting and restoring water ecosystems (SDG target 6.6)
9.10
Conclusions
Facts & figures
Biodiversity
Chapter 6
Table of Contents
Executive summary
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Further assessments since the fifth Global Environmental Outlook (GEO-5)
6.3
Drivers
6.4
Pressures
6.4.1
Land-use change and habitat loss
6.4.2
Invasive species
6.4.3
Pollution
6.4.4
Overexploitation
6.4.5
Climatic warming and extreme events
6.5
Global state and trends of biodiversity
6.5.1
State and trends in genetic diversity
6.5.2
Global state and trends in species
6.5.3
Global state and trends in ecosystems
6.6
Impacts on the world’s biomes
6.6.1
Oceans and coasts
6.6.2
Freshwater
6.6.3
Grasslands
6.6.4
Agricultural landscapes
6.6.5
Drylands
6.6.6
Forests
6.6.7
Mountains
6.6.8
Polar regions
6.7
Responses
6.7.1
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
6.7.2
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES)
6.7.3
Protected areas
6.7.4
Other approaches
6.8
Conclusion
Facts & figures
