Freshwater

Table of Contents

• Executive summary
• 9.1 Introduction and priority issues
• 9.2 Pressures on freshwater
  • 9.2.1 Climate change
• 9.3 Water and land use
• 9.4 Global state and trends of freshwater
  • 9.4.1 Water quantity
  • 9.4.2 Water withdrawals
  • 9.4.3 Glacial retreat
  • 9.4.4 Water scarcity
• 9.5 Water quality
  • 9.5.1 Pathogens
  • 9.5.2 Nutrients
  • 9.5.3 Sediments
  • 9.5.4 Organic pollutants
  • 9.5.5 Heavy metals
  • 9.5.6 Salinity
  • 9.5.7 Contaminants of emerging concern
  • 9.5.8 Other water quality concerns
• 9.6 Freshwater ecosystems
  • 9.6.1 Continuing loss of wetlands
  • 9.6.2 Biodiversity loss
• 9.7 Water infrastructure
  • 9.7.1 Drinking water supply: treatment and distribution
  • 9.7.2 Sanitation and wastewater treatment
  • 9.7.3 Dams and reservoirs for water storage and hydroelectric power
• 9.8 Impacts
  • 9.8.1 Human health
  • 9.8.2 Food security
  • 9.8.3 Human safety and security
• 9.9 Policy responses
  • 9.9.1 Expanding access to safe drinking water and sanitation (SDG Targets 6.1 and 6.2)
  • 9.9.2 Improving water quality (SDG Targets 6.3 and 15.1)
  • 9.9.3 Water-use efficiency and responses to water scarcity (SDG target 6.4)
  • 9.9.4 Water governance (SDG Target 6.5)
  • 9.9.5 Surface water-groundwater conjunctive management
  • 9.9.6 Protecting and restoring water ecosystems (SDG target 6.6)
• 9.10 Conclusions
• Facts & figures