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5.
Air
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Executive summary
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Pressures: emissions
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5.2.1
Electricity and fuel production
5.2.2
Transportation
5.2.3
Industrial
5.2.4
Residential and commercial
5.2.5
Waste management
5.2.6
Agricultural and forestry
5.2.7
Natural emissions and land-use change
5.3
State: atmospheric composition and climate
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5.3.1
Air pollution: urban to global scales
5.3.2
Persistent bioaccumulative toxic substances
5.3.3
Stratospheric O
3
and ultra-violet radiation
5.3.4
Climate change
5.4
Impacts
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5.4.1
Human health
5.4.2
Food security
5.4.3
Ecosystems
5.4.4
Social well-being
5.5
Response: policies and governance
Facts & figures
6.
Biodiversity
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Executive summary
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Further assessments since the fifth Global Environmental Outlook (GEO-5)
6.3
Drivers
6.4
Pressures
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6.4.1
Land-use change and habitat loss
6.4.2
Invasive species
6.4.3
Pollution
6.4.4
Overexploitation
6.4.5
Climatic warming and extreme events
6.5
Global state and trends of biodiversity
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6.5.1
State and trends in genetic diversity
6.5.2
Global state and trends in species
6.5.3
Global state and trends in ecosystems
6.6
Impacts on the world’s biomes
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6.6.1
Oceans and coasts
6.6.2
Freshwater
6.6.3
Grasslands
6.6.4
Agricultural landscapes
6.6.5
Drylands
6.6.6
Forests
6.6.7
Mountains
6.6.8
Polar regions
6.7
Responses
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6.7.1
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
6.7.2
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES)
6.7.3
Protected areas
6.7.4
Other approaches
6.8
Conclusion
Facts & figures
9.
Freshwater
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Executive summary
9.1
Introduction and priority issues
9.2
Pressures on freshwater
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9.2.1
Climate change
9.3
Water and land use
9.4
Global state and trends of freshwater
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9.4.1
Water quantity
9.4.2
Water withdrawals
9.4.3
Glacial retreat
9.4.4
Water scarcity
9.5
Water quality
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9.5.1
Pathogens
9.5.2
Nutrients
9.5.3
Sediments
9.5.4
Organic pollutants
9.5.5
Heavy metals
9.5.6
Salinity
9.5.7
Contaminants of emerging concern
9.5.8
Other water quality concerns
9.6
Freshwater ecosystems
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9.6.1
Continuing loss of wetlands
9.6.2
Biodiversity loss
9.7
Water infrastructure
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9.7.1
Drinking water supply: treatment and distribution
9.7.2
Sanitation and wastewater treatment
9.7.3
Dams and reservoirs for water storage and hydroelectric power
9.8
Impacts
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9.8.1
Human health
9.8.2
Food security
9.8.3
Human safety and security
9.9
Policy responses
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9.9.1
Expanding access to safe drinking water and sanitation (SDG Targets 6.1 and 6.2)
9.9.2
Improving water quality (SDG Targets 6.3 and 15.1)
9.9.3
Water-use efficiency and responses to water scarcity (SDG target 6.4)
9.9.4
Water governance (SDG Target 6.5)
9.9.5
Surface water-groundwater conjunctive management
9.9.6
Protecting and restoring water ecosystems (SDG target 6.6)
9.10
Conclusions
Facts & figures
Biodiversity
Chapter 6
6.6
Impacts on the world’s biomes
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