Start United Nations Environment Programme
  • Home page
  • 5. Air▾
    • Executive summary
    • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.2 Pressures: emissions▾
      • 5.2.1 Electricity and fuel production
      • 5.2.2 Transportation
      • 5.2.3 Industrial
      • 5.2.4 Residential and commercial
      • 5.2.5 Waste management
      • 5.2.6 Agricultural and forestry
      • 5.2.7 Natural emissions and land-use change
    • 5.3 State: atmospheric composition and climate▾
      • 5.3.1 Air pollution: urban to global scales
      • 5.3.2 Persistent bioaccumulative toxic substances
      • 5.3.3 Stratospheric O3 and ultra-violet radiation
      • 5.3.4 Climate change
    • 5.4 Impacts▾
      • 5.4.1 Human health
      • 5.4.2 Food security
      • 5.4.3 Ecosystems
      • 5.4.4 Social well-being
    • 5.5 Response: policies and governance
    • Facts & figures
  • 6. Biodiversity▾
    • Executive summary
    • 6.1 Introduction
    • 6.2 Further assessments since the fifth Global Environmental Outlook (GEO-5)
    • 6.3 Drivers
    • 6.4 Pressures▾
      • 6.4.1 Land-use change and habitat loss
      • 6.4.2 Invasive species
      • 6.4.3 Pollution
      • 6.4.4 Overexploitation
      • 6.4.5 Climatic warming and extreme events
    • 6.5 Global state and trends of biodiversity▾
      • 6.5.1 State and trends in genetic diversity
      • 6.5.2 Global state and trends in species
      • 6.5.3 Global state and trends in ecosystems
    • 6.6 Impacts on the world’s biomes▾
      • 6.6.1 Oceans and coasts
      • 6.6.2 Freshwater
      • 6.6.3 Grasslands
      • 6.6.4 Agricultural landscapes
      • 6.6.5 Drylands
      • 6.6.6 Forests
      • 6.6.7 Mountains
      • 6.6.8 Polar regions
    • 6.7 Responses▾
      • 6.7.1 The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
      • 6.7.2 Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES)
      • 6.7.3 Protected areas
      • 6.7.4 Other approaches
    • 6.8 Conclusion
    • Facts & figures
  • 9. Freshwater▾
    • Executive summary
    • 9.1 Introduction and priority issues
    • 9.2 Pressures on freshwater▾
      • 9.2.1 Climate change
    • 9.3 Water and land use
    • 9.4 Global state and trends of freshwater▾
      • 9.4.1 Water quantity
      • 9.4.2 Water withdrawals
      • 9.4.3 Glacial retreat
      • 9.4.4 Water scarcity
    • 9.5 Water quality▾
      • 9.5.1 Pathogens
      • 9.5.2 Nutrients
      • 9.5.3 Sediments
      • 9.5.4 Organic pollutants
      • 9.5.5 Heavy metals
      • 9.5.6 Salinity
      • 9.5.7 Contaminants of emerging concern
      • 9.5.8 Other water quality concerns
    • 9.6 Freshwater ecosystems▾
      • 9.6.1 Continuing loss of wetlands
      • 9.6.2 Biodiversity loss
    • 9.7 Water infrastructure▾
      • 9.7.1 Drinking water supply: treatment and distribution
      • 9.7.2 Sanitation and wastewater treatment
      • 9.7.3 Dams and reservoirs for water storage and hydroelectric power
    • 9.8 Impacts▾
      • 9.8.1 Human health
      • 9.8.2 Food security
      • 9.8.3 Human safety and security
    • 9.9 Policy responses▾
      • 9.9.1 Expanding access to safe drinking water and sanitation (SDG Targets 6.1 and 6.2)
      • 9.9.2 Improving water quality (SDG Targets 6.3 and 15.1)
      • 9.9.3 Water-use efficiency and responses to water scarcity (SDG target 6.4)
      • 9.9.4 Water governance (SDG Target 6.5)
      • 9.9.5 Surface water-groundwater conjunctive management
      • 9.9.6 Protecting and restoring water ecosystems (SDG target 6.6)
    • 9.10 Conclusions
    • Facts & figures